Which condition results in the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

The accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid is specifically associated with hydrocephaly, which is a condition characterized by an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain. This condition can arise due to various factors such as obstruction of CSF flow, overproduction of CSF, or problems with absorption, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potential damage to brain structures.

In contrast, hydrothorax involves fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, anasarca refers to widespread edema throughout the body, and lymphedema is the localized swelling caused by lymphatic system obstructions. Each of these conditions pertains to fluid accumulation in different areas or tissues, but none involve the cerebrospinal fluid as hydrocephaly does. Therefore, hydrocephaly is the correct answer because it directly pertains to the specific issue of cerebrospinal fluid accumulation.