Which condition is characterized by "moon face" and "buffalo hump"?

The condition characterized by "moon face" and "buffalo hump" is Cushing's disease. This condition results from prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, often due to a tumor on the pituitary gland that causes the adrenal glands to produce excess cortisol.

The "moon face" refers to the rounded, puffy appearance of the face that is a hallmark symptom of this excess cortisol. Fat redistribution is another significant feature of Cushing's disease, leading to the development of a "buffalo hump," which is an accumulation of fat at the back of the neck and upper shoulders. These physical signs are closely tied to the hormonal imbalances caused by Cushing's disease.

Understanding the symptoms and their physiological basis is crucial in identifying and managing the condition effectively. Other options like hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, and diabetes mellitus do not typically present with these specific physical characteristics, making Cushing's disease the clear answer.